University of Botswana History Department
H407: HISTORY OF NORTH AFRICA since 1800
Course description: August 1999
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Lecture & tutorial periods:
- Monday at 2.00pm in 232-G6
- Wednesday at 4.00pm in 218-2
- Thursday at 9 am in 220-S1
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Course lecturer:
Prof. NEIL PARSONS
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Email: nparsons@mopipi... [Click here for full email address]
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Course outline:
This survey course begins with the geographical environment, Islamization and
Arabization of North Africa before 1800. Main themes in the 19th-20th centuries
include:
- decline of Ottoman Turkish rule, and rise of French, British, Spanish and Italian control of the North African coast and up the Nile
- French conquest and settlement, resistance and liberation struggles in Algeria and Tunisia
- imperialist domination and 'protection', resistance and regained independence for Egypt and Morocco
- Anglo-Egyptian rule and Islamic dominance over the upper Nile and eastern Sudan
- The roots of contemporary problems, including Islamic fundamentalism, Western Sahara and Libya
At least one North African state should be selected for special study by individual students.
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H407 Topic Schedule
- Topic 1: Introduction and historical geography of North Africa
- Topic 2: Egypt and the Nile: Coptic and Christian heritages
- Topic 3: Islam: origins and spread in North Africa
- Topic 4: Arab conquest of Egypt; Fatimids, Ayyubis, Mamluks, and Ottomans to1798
- Topic 5: Maghreb up to the 19th century
- Topic 6: Maghreb and 19th century French colonial conquest
- Topic 7: Colonial rule and white settlement in 19th century Algeria and Tunisia
- Topic 8: Morocco as independent sultanate to 1911
- Topic 9: Egypt from Napoleon to Mohammed Ali
- Topic 10: Sudan and the Upper Nile up to Ottoman-Egyptian invasion
- Topic 11: Egypt under the Khedives: Mohammed Ali to Ismail
- Topic 12: Egyptian nationalism and British control: Urabi Pasha, Baring to
Kitchener
- Topic 13: Anglo-Egyptian conquest of the Sudan
- Topic 14: Egypt as a Protectorate (1914-22) and under British control to 1952
- Topic 15: Resistance and rise of nationalism in 20th century colonial Morocco
- Topic 16: Resistance and rise of nationalism in 20th century colonial Algeria.
- Topic 17: Resistance and rise of nationalism in 20th century colonial Tunisia
- Topic 18: Egypt as Republic: Neguib and Nasser 1952-56
- Topic 19: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1922-56
- Topic 20: Egypt under Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak, since 1956
- Topic 21: Republic of Sudan since 1956
- Topic 22: Tunisian politics and economic development since independence
- Topic 23: Algerian politics and economic development since independence
- Topic 24: Moroccan politics and economic development since independence
- Topic 25: Libya from Idris and Gaddafi up to the present
- Topic 26: Morocco, Mauritania, and the Western Sahara Question
- Topic 27: Modern resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism
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Internet Web-Sites
What follows is a basic list of resources, which will give you many more "Links" to discover more Web-Sites. New sites are constantly appearing, while some old ones wither away and disappear:
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PRESCRIBED TEXTS:
- P1. Ageron, C. R. (trans, M. Brett), Modern Algeria: a History from 1830 to the Present, London, 1991
- P2. Clancy-Smith, Julia Ann. Rebel and Saint: Muslim Notables, Populist Protest, Colonial Encounters (Algeria and Tunisia, 1800-1904) Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 05202 1216 9
- P3. Mansfield, Peter. The Arabs London: Penguin Books, 1991
- P4. Marsot, A.L. al-Sayyid, A Short History of Modern Egypt London: Longman
- P5. Holt, P.M. & M.W. Dali. A History of the Sudan from the Coming of Islam to the Present Day London: Longman, 1989 edition
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BOOKS IN UB LIBRARY:
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NORTH AFRICA: GENERAL LITERATURE
- Gen.1. Abun-Nasr, J.M. A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge, 1987.
- Gen.2. Amin, S.The Maghreb in the Modern World, London, 1970.
- Gen.3. Barakat, H., ed., Contemporary North Africa, London, 1985.
- Gen.4. Barbour, N. ed. A survey of North West Africa (the Maghrib, Oxford, 1959, 1962.
- Gen.5. Berque, J. French North Africa, Maghrib between two World Wars.
- Gen.6. Brett, M., ed., Northern Africa: Islam and Modernization, London, 1973.
- Gen.7. Brown, L.C., ed., State and Society in Independent North Africa, Washington, D.C., 1966.
- Gen.8. Entelis, J.P. Comparative Politics of North Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Syracuse, N.Y., 1980.
- Gen.9. Hermassi, E.Leadership and National Development in North Africa, Berkeley, 1972
- Gen.10 Hiskett, Marvyn. The Course of Islam in Africa Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
- Gen.11Issawi, C., An Economic History of the Middle East and North Africa, New York, 1982.
- Gen.12 Joffe, E.G.H. ed., North Africa: State, Nation and Region, London, 1993.
- Gen.13 Knapp, W., North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey, Oxford, 1977.
- Gen.14. Laroui, A.The History of the Maghrib, Princeton, 1977.
- Gen.15. Laweless, R., and Findlay, A., North Africa Contemporary Politics and Economic Development, London and Canberra, 1984.
- Gen.16 Moore, C.H. Politics in North Africa, Boston, 1970.
- Gen.18. Morsey, Magali. North Africa 1800-1900 from the Nile Valley to the Atlantic, London: Longman, 1984.
- Gen.19 Parker, R.B., North Africa: Regional Tensions and Strategic Concerns, New York and London, 1987.
- Gen.20 Robana, R.B., The Prospects for an Economic Community in North Africa, New York, 1973.
- Gen.21 Valensi, L., On the Eve of Colonialism: North Africa before the French Conquest, New York and London, 1977.
- Gen.22 Zartman, I.W., Government and Politics in Northern Africa, London, 1964.
- Gen.23 Zartman, I.W., ed., Man, State and Society in the Contemporary Maghrib, London, 1973.
- Gen.24 Zartman, I.W., et al., Political Elites in Arab North Africa: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, New York and London, 1982.
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Some review articles in periodicals
- Gen.25 Brett, M."Problems in the interpretation of the history of the Maghrib in the light of some recent publication", Journal of African History, vol. XIII (1972), pp. 489-506
- Gen.26 Brett, M. 'Morocco and the Ottomans: the sixteenth century in North Africa, J. African History, xxv (1984) pp 331-41.
- Gen.27 Brett, M."Modernisation in 19th Century North Africa,"Maghreb, Review, vii, 1-2 (1982), 16-22.
- Gen.28 Brett, M.Continuity and Change: Egypt and North Africa in the nineteenth century, J. African History, xxvii (1986).
- Gen.29 Brett, M. "The Colonial Period in the Maghrib and its aftermath: the present state of historical writing", J. African History, xvii (1976), pp 291-305.
- Gen.30 Brett, M. "Anglo-Saxon attitudes. the Algerian War of Indepedence in retrospect", J. African History, 35, (1994) pp 217-235.
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Chapters on North Africa in:
- Gen.31 UNESCO General History of Africa,
Volume 6: The Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s ed. Jacob F.A. Ajayi;
Volume 7:Africa under Foreign Domination, ed. A. Adu Bohan;
Volume 8: Africa since 1945 ed. Ali Mazrui. (Volume 7 also available in Abridged
Edition).
- Gen.32 Cambridge History of Africa ed. John D. Fage & Roland A. Oliver,
Volumes 6, 7 & 8.
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Other relevant general books:
- Gen.33 Choueri, Y. Islamic Fundamentalism, London 1990
- Gen.34 Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Moddle Eats Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1994.
- Gen.35 Cobban, A.A History of Modern France, vol. II, 1799-1871; vol. III, 1971-1962,
2nd ed., Harmondsworth, 1965.
- Gen.36 Fromkin, David. A Peace to Enf All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East New York: Avon Books, 1989.
- Gen.37 Gellner, E. Nations and Nationalism, Oxford, 1983.
- Gen.38 Hourani, A. A History of the Arab Peoples, London, 1991.
- Gen.39 Hourani, A. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, Oxford, 1962; reprint
Cambridge, 1981.
- Gen.40 Roberts, S.A History of French Colonial Policy, 1870-1925, London 1927.
- Gen.41 Said, Edward W. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
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ALGERIA
- A1. Ageron, C. R.(trans, M. Brett), Modern Algeria: a History from 1830 to the
Present, London, 1991.
- A2. Bennoune, A., The Making of Contemorary Algeria, Cambridge, 1988.
- A3. Clegg, I., Workers Self-Management in Algeria, London, 1971.
- A4. Danziger, R., Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians, New York and London, 1977.
- A5. Entelis., J.P., Algeria: the revolution institutionalised, London, 1986.
- A6. Entelis., J.P., Algeria: the revolution institutionalised, London, 1986.
- A7. Entelis, J., and Naylor, P.C. State and Society in Algeria, Boulder, 1992.
- A8. Fanon, F., Studies in a Dying Colonialism, London, 1970.
- A9. Gordon, D.C. North Africa's French Legacy, 1952-1962, Cambridge, 1962.
- A10 Gordon, D.C. The Passing of French Algeria, Oxford, 1966.
- A11 Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace London: Penguin Books. 1977.
- A12 Humbaraci, A., Algeria: a revolution that failed, London, 1966.
- A13 Jackson, H.F. 'Algeria: some problems of modern history', J. African History, V
(1964), pp 221-42.
- A14 Kedouries, E., Islam in the Modern World, London, 1980.
- A15 Lazreg, M., The Emergence of Classes in Algeria, Boulder, 1976.
- A16 O'Ballance, E., The Algerian Insurrection, 1954-1962, London, 1967.
- A17 Ottaway, D., and M., Algeria: the politics of a socialist revolution, Berkeley and
Los Angeles, 1970.
- A15 Pfeifer, K., Agrarian Reform under State Capitalism in Algeria, Westview,
1985.
- A16 Prochaska, D., Making Algeria French: Colonialism in Bone, 1870-1920,
Cambridge and Paris, 1990.
- A17 Quandt, W.B. Revolution and Political Leadership in Algeria, 1954-1968,
Cambridge, 1969.
- A18 Roberts, M., Revolution and Resistance: Algerian politics and the Kabyle
question, London, 1989.
- A19 Ruedy, J., Land Policy in Colonial Algeria; the origins of the public domain,
Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967.
- A20 Ruedy, J., Modern Algeria: The Origins and Development of a Nation,
Bloomington, 1992.
- A21 Talbott, J., The War without a Name: France in Algeria, 1954 - 1962.
- A22 Tlemcani, R., State and Revolution in Algeria, Boulder, Colorado and London,
1986.
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EGYPT
- B1. Abdel-Malik, A., Egypt: Military Society.
- B2. Abdel-Nasir, G., The Philosophy of the Revolution.
- B3. Ahmad, J.M., The Intellectual Origins of Egyptian Nationalism.
- B4. Annesley, George. The Rise of Modern Egypt Durham: Pentland Press, 1994.
- B5. Ayubi, N.N., Bureaucracy and Politics in Modern Egypt.
- B6. Ayubi, N.N., The State and Public Policies in Egypt after Sadat.
- B7. Baker, R.W., Egypt's Uncertain Revolution under Nasser and Sadat.
- B8. Barthorp, M., War on the Nile: Britain, Egypt and Sudan - 1882-1898.
- B9. Berque, J., Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution.
- B10 Darwin, J., Britain, Egypt and the Middle East.
- B11 Deed, M., Party Politics in Egypt: The Waft and its Rivals, 1919-1939.
- B12 Gershoni, I. I., The Emergence of Pan-Arabism in Egypt.
- B13 Gershoni, I/Jankownski, J., Egypt, Islam and the Arabs.
- B14 Hanna, S.A., Arab Socialism, pp. 98-138.
- B15 Hinnebusch, R.J., Egyptian Politics under Sadat.
- B16 Hirst & Beach Sadat
- B17 Holt, P.M., Egypt and the Fertile Crescent - 1516-1922
- B18 Holt, P.M. (ed), The Social and Political History of Modern Egypt.
- B19 Hopwood, D., Egypt Politics and Society, 1945-1984 London: Routledge, 1993
edition.
- B20 Hussein, M., Class Conflict in Egypt, 1945-1970.
- B21 Issawi, C., Egypt in Revolution.
- B22 Izzedin, N.M.A. Nasser of the Arabs.
- B23 Kerr, M., The Arab Cold War
- B24 Louis, W.R. and Owen, R., Suez 1956 - the crisis and consequences.
- B25 Mabro, R., The Egyptian Economy.
- B26 Mansfield, P., Nasser's Egypt, Penguin.
- B27 Marsot, A.L. al-Sayyid , A Short History of Modern Egypt:
- B28 Marsot, A.L. al-Sayyid Egypt's Liberal Experiment, 1922-1936
- B29 Marsot, A.L .al-Sayyid , Egypt and Cromer.
- B30 Mitchell, Timothy. Colonising Egypt Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1988.
- B31 Richmond, J.C.B., Egypt - 1798-1952.
- B32 Rezwan, N., Nassarist Ideology.
- B33 Shoukri, E., Portrait of a President, Sadat; Road to Jerusalem.
- B34 Tripp, C and Owen, Egypt under Mubarak.
- B34 Vatikiotis, P.J., The History of Modern Egypt.
- B35 Vatikiotis, P.J., Egypt Since the Revolution.
- B36 Waterburg, J., The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat.
- B37 Wendell, C., The Evolution of the Egyptian National Image.
- B38 Woodward, P., Nasser London 1992
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MOROCCO
- C1. Ashford, D.E., Political Change in Morocco, Princeton, 1961.
- C2. Barbour, N., Morocco.
- C3. Bernard, S., The Franco-Moroccan Conflict, 1943-1956, New haven and London,
1968.
- C4. Bidwell, R., Morocco under Colonial Rule, London, 1973.
- C4. Burke, E., Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco, Chicago, 1976.
- C5. Dunn, R.E. Resistance in the Desert, London and Madison, Wisconsin, 1977.
- C6. Halstead, P.J., Rebirth of a Nation: the origins and rise of Moroccan nationalism, 1912 to 1844, Cambridge, 1967.
- C7. Hoisington, W.A., The Casablanca Connection: French Colonial Policy, 1936- 1943, Chapel Hill and London 1984.
- C8. Jackson, J.G., An account of the Empire of Morocco.
- C9. Joffe, E.G.H., "The Moroccan nationalist movement: Istiqlal, the sultan and the country," J. African History, XXVI, (1985), 289-307.
- C10 Kininmonth, C. The Travellers' Guide to Mororrco London: Jonathan Cape, 1972.
- C11 Munson, H.Jr., Religion and Power in Morocco, New Haven and London, 1993.
- C12 Parsons, Fred The Origins of the Morocco question, 1880-1900, London, 1976.
- C13 Pennell, C.E.R., A country with a Government and a Flag, London, 1985.
- C14 Porch, D. The Conquest of Morocco, London, 1986.
- C15 Stewart, C.F., The Economy of Morocco, 1912-1962, Cambridge, 1964.
- C16 Waterburg, J., The Commander of the Faithful, London, 1970.
- C17 Zartmann, I.W., Morocco: problems of new power, New York, 1964.
- C18 Zartmann, I.W. ed., The Political Economy of Morocco, 1987.
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TUNISIA
- D1. Anderson, Lisa. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya 1830- 1980 Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
- D2. Brown, L.C., The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey,Princeton, 1974.
- D3. Burrell, R.M., Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia, Basingstoke and London, 1992.
- D4. Ling, D.L., Tunisia: from Protectorate to Republic, Indiana 1967.
- D5. Micaud, C. and others, Tunisia: the politics of modernisation, London and dunmow, 1964.
- D6. Moore, C.H., Tunisia since Independence; the Dynamics of One-Party Government, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965.
- D7. Moudoud, E., Modernisation, the State and Regional disparity in Developing Counries: Tunisia in historical perspective, 1881-1982, Boulder, 1989.
- D8. Rudebeck, L., Party and People: A Study of Political Change in Tunisia, 2nd ed., London, 1969.
- D9. Salem, N., Habib Bourguiba, Islam and Creation of Tunisia,, London, 1984.
- D10 Zartmann, I.W., ed., Tunisia: the political economy of reform, Boulder, Colorado, 1991
- D11 Ziadeh, N., Origins of Nationalism in Tunisia, Beirut, 1962.
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LIBYA
E1. Anderson, Lisa. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya 1830- 1980 Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
E2. Alan, J.A. Libya: the Experience of Oil, London and Colorado, 1981.
E3. Anderson, L., The State and Social Transformation in tunisia and Libya, 1830- 1980, Princeton, 1986.
E4. Ayoub, M.M. Islam and the Third Universal theory, London, 1987.
E5. Bearman, J., Qaddafigs Libya, London, 1986.
E6. Blundy, D., and Lycett, A., Qaddafi and the Libyan Revolution, London,
1987.
E7. Cachia, A.J., Libya under the second Ottoman Occupation (1835-1911),Tripoli,
1945.
E8. Deeb, M.K. and M.J., Libya since the Revolution, London, 1982.
E9. Evans - Pritchard, E.E., The Sanusi of Cyrenaica, Oxford, 1948.
E10 Fathaly, O.I. El, and Palmer, M., Political Development and Social Change in
Libya, Massachusetts, 1980.
E11 First, R., Libya the elusive revolution, London, 1974.
E12 Gifford, P., and Louis, W.R., eds, Decolonisation and African Independence,
New Haven, 1988, ch. by Louis.
E13 Hahn, L., Historical Dictionary of Libya, Metuchen, N.J. and London, 1981.
E14 Harris, L.C., Libya: Qadhafi's revolution and the modern state, London,
1986.
E15 Lawson, D., Libya and Qaddafi, 2nd ed., New York, 1987.
E16 Lemarchand, R., ed., The Green and the Black: Qadhafi's politices in Africa,
Bloomington, 1988.
E17 Louis, R., The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945-1951, Oxford, 1984
E18 Moore, M., The Fourth Shore: Italy's mass colonisation of Libya, London
1940.
E19 Pelt, A., Libyan Independence and the United Nations: A case of planned
decolonisation, New Haven and London, 1970.
E20 Qaddafi, M., The Green Book.
E21 Segre, C.G., Fourth Shore: The Italian Colonisation of Libya, Chicago and
London, 1974.
E22 Wright, J., Libya, London, 1969
E23 Wright, J., Libya: a Modern History, London and Camberra, 1982.
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WESTERN SAHARA
- F1. Gerfeiny, A.G., Mauritania, London, 1967.
- F2. Hodges, T., Western Sahara: The Roofs of a Desert War, Westport, Connecticut, 1983.
- F3. Hodges, T., Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Metuchen, N.Y., and London, 1982.
- F4. Lawless, R. and Laila, M, eds., War and Refugees: The Western Sahara Conflict, London, 1987.
- F5. Mercer, J., Spanish Sahara, London, 1976.
- F6. Rezette, R., The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco, Paris, 1975.
- F7. Thompson, V. and Adloff, R., The Western Saharans, London, 1980.
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REPUBLIC OF SUDAN
- G1. Alier. Southern Sudan
- G2. Collins, R.O. Shadows in the Grass: Britain in Southern Sudan 1918-1956.
- G3. Deng, F.M. & M.W. Daly Bonds of Silk: the Human Factor in British
Administration of Sudan.
- G4. Gray, J.R. The History of Southern Sudan 1839-1899
- G5. Hill, R., Egypt in the Sudan (1820-1881)
- G6. Holt, P.M. and N.W. Daly, History of the Sudan.
- G7. Holt, P.M., A Modern History of the Sudan.
- G8. Holt, P.M. The Mahdist State in the Sudan.
- G9. Pollock, John. Gordon: the Man behind the Legend London: Constable,
1993.
- G10 Rahim, Muddathir Abdel. Imperialism and Nationalism in the Sudan: a Study in
Constitutional and Political Development 1899-1956 Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1969 & Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1988.
- G11 Smith, I.R. The Emin Pasha Relief Expedition 1886-1890
- G12 Stevens,. With Kitchener to Khartoum
- G13 Thomas, G.F. Sudan, Death of a Dream
- G14 Woodward, Sudan after Numeiri.
- G15 Wright, P. Conflict on the Nile: The Fashoda Incident of 1898.
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Copyright © 1999 Neil Parsons
Last updated 7 September 1999